Operation Paperclip
1945MajorContested
The U.S. brings over 1,500 German scientists and engineers to America, some with Nazi pasts. They help build its missiles and space program.
Contested history
Consensus: After World War II the U.S. brought more than 1,500 German scientists and technicians to America under Project Paperclip.
The program built U.S. missiles and space flightEstablished
Wernher von Braun's team developed the Redstone and Saturn V rockets.
Officials hid or downplayed some recruits' Nazi recordsEstablished
Declassified files show background reports were revised, and engineer Arthur Rudolph left the U.S. in 1984 rather than face charges.
Paperclip scientists ran secret mind-control programsSpeculation
A few recruits worked on chemical and medical research for the military, but documents do not show Paperclip ran MKUltra.
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