Middle AgesIdeas & Belief Toledo translations c. 1150Major Scholars in Spain translate Arabic works, including Aristotle, Euclid and Ptolemy, into Latin, reigniting European learning. ▲ MattersSaveShareTrace roots Longest chain: The Big Bang → First stars ignite → Supernovae seed heavy elements → The Sun forms → Earth forms → First oceans → First life → Photosynthesis evolves → Great Oxidation Event → Complex cells (eukaryotes) → Multicellular life → First animals → Cambrian Explosion → First vertebrates → Jawed fish → Fish walk onto land → The amniotic egg → The Great Dying → Dinosaurs appear → Asteroid ends the dinosaurs → Early primates → Apes split from monkeys → Human line splits from chimpanzees → Walking upright → First stone tools → Genus Homo appears → Homo erectus → Control of fire → Habitual fire and cooking → Homo sapiens appears → Complex language → Natufian villages → Oldest known bread → Agriculture begins → Irrigation → Uruk and the first cities → Cylinder seals → Writing (cuneiform) → Babylonian mathematics → Babylonian astronomical diaries → Thales and natural philosophy → Trial and death of Socrates → Plato's Academy → Aristotle's Lyceum → Alexander's conquests → Alexandria founded → Library of Alexandria → House of Wisdom → Toledo translations Community notesLoading notes… Learn more ranked by votesDocumentbritannica.comToledan school (Britannica) ↗Editor's pickDocumentplato.stanford.eduInfluence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy) ↗Editor's pickBookJonathan LyonsThe House of Wisdom: How the Arabs Transformed Western Civilization ↗Editor's pickVideoSearch on YouTubeToledo school of translators history ↗Editor's pick