Middle AgesGovernment & Law Umayyad Caliphate 661 CENotable A dynasty ruling from Damascus over an empire stretching from Iberia to India. ▲ MattersSaveShareTrace roots Longest chain: The Big Bang → First stars ignite → Supernovae seed heavy elements → The Sun forms → Earth forms → First oceans → First life → Photosynthesis evolves → Great Oxidation Event → Complex cells (eukaryotes) → Multicellular life → First animals → Cambrian Explosion → First vertebrates → Jawed fish → Fish walk onto land → The amniotic egg → The Great Dying → Dinosaurs appear → Asteroid ends the dinosaurs → Early primates → Apes split from monkeys → Human line splits from chimpanzees → Walking upright → First stone tools → Genus Homo appears → Homo erectus → Control of fire → First fired clay figures → First pottery → Potter's wheel → The wheel → Spoke-wheeled chariot → Hittite Empire → Iron Age begins → Rome founded (traditional date) → Roman Republic founded → Caesar crosses the Rubicon → Roman Empire begins → Jesus of Nazareth crucified → Muhammad's first revelations → The Hijra → Arab conquests → Umayyad Caliphate Community notesLoading notes… Learn more ranked by votesBookHugh KennedyThe Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates ↗Editor's pickVideoSearch on YouTubeUmayyad Caliphate history explained ↗Editor's pick